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In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y² = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16, because 4² = (−4)² = 16. Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by √(x), where the symbol √( ) is called the radical sign or radix.

In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a formula that provides the solution(s) to a quadratic equation. There are other ways of solving a quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as factoring (direct factoring, grouping, AC method), completing the square, graphing and others. Given a general quadratic equation of the form ax²+bx+c=0 with x representing an unknown, a, b and c representing constants with a ≠ 0, the quadratic formula is: x=(-b±√(b²-4ac))/2a where the plus–minus symbol "±" indicates that the quadratic equation has two solutions.

In algebra, a quadratic equation (from the Latin quadratus for "square") is any equation that can be rearranged in standard form as ax²+bx+c=0 where x represents an unknown, and a, b, and c represent known numbers, where a ≠ 0. If a = 0, then the equation is linear, not quadratic, as there is no ax² term. The numbers a, b, and c are the coefficients of the equation and may be distinguished by calling them, respectively, the quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the constant or free term.

In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought.

In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponentiation of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x² − 4x + 7. An example in three variables is x³ + 2xyz² − yz + 1.