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In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y² = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16, because 4² = (−4)² = 16. Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by √(x), where the symbol √( ) is called the radical sign or radix.

In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a formula that provides the solution(s) to a quadratic equation. There are other ways of solving a quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as factoring (direct factoring, grouping, AC method), completing the square, graphing and others. Given a general quadratic equation of the form ax²+bx+c=0 whose discriminant b²-4ac is positive (with x representing an unknown, a, b and c representing constants with a ≠ 0), the quadratic formula is: x=(-b±√(b²-4ac))/2a where the plus–minus symbol "±" indicates that the quadratic equation has two solutions.

In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example, 3 × 5 is a factorization of the integer 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a factorization of the polynomial x² – 4. Factorization is not usually considered meaningful within number systems possessing division, such as the real or complex numbers, since any x can be trivially written as (xy)×(1/y) whenever y is not zero.

In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought.

Algebra (from Arabic ‏الجبر‎ (al-jabr) 'reunion of broken parts, bonesetting') is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics.

In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponentiation of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x² − 4x + 7. An example in three variables is x³ + 2xyz² − yz + 1.