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In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y² = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16, because 4² = (−4)² = 16. Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by √(x), where the symbol √( ) is called the radical sign or radix.

In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a formula that provides the solution(s) to a quadratic equation. There are other ways of solving a quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as factoring (direct factoring, grouping, AC method), completing the square, graphing and others. Given a general quadratic equation of the form ax²+bx+c=0 with x representing an unknown, with a, b and c representing constants, and with a ≠ 0, the quadratic formula is: x=(-b±√(b²-4ac))/2a where the plus–minus symbol "±" indicates that the quadratic equation has two solutions.

In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example, 3 × 5 is a factorization of the integer 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a factorization of the polynomial x² – 4. Factorization is not usually considered meaningful within number systems possessing division, such as the real or complex numbers, since any x can be trivially written as (xy)×(1/y) whenever y is not zero.

In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought.

In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x² − 4x + 7. An example with three indeterminates is x³ + 2xyz² − yz + 1.

In algebra, a quadratic equation (from Latin quadratus 'square') is any equation that can be rearranged in standard form as where x represents an unknown value, and a, b, and c represent known numbers, where a ≠ 0. (If a = 0 and b ≠ 0 then the equation is linear, not quadratic.) The numbers a, b, and c are the coefficients of the equation and may be distinguished by respectively calling them, the quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the constant coefficient or free term.