Tīpoka ki ngā ihirangi matua
Whakaoti mō γ
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Whakaoti mō d_n (complex solution)
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Whakaoti mō d_n
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Ngā Raru Ōrite mai i te Rapu Tukutuku

Tohaina

\gamma =d_{n}^{2}
Whakawhitihia ngā taha kia puta ki te taha mauī ngā kīanga tau taurangi katoa.