Solve x^2-20x-21

$$x ^ { 2 } - 20 x - 21$$

Factor

$$\left(x-21\right)\left(x+1\right)$$

Solution Steps

Factor the expression by grouping. First, the expression needs to be rewritten as x^{2}+ax+bx-21. To find a and b, set up a system to be solved.

$$a+b=-20 ab=1\left(-21\right)=-21$$

Since ab is negative, a and b have the opposite signs. Since a+b is negative, the negative number has greater absolute value than the positive. List all such integer pairs that give product -21.

$$1,-21 3,-7$$

Calculate the sum for each pair.

$$1-21=-20 3-7=-4$$

The solution is the pair that gives sum -20.

$$a=-21 b=1$$

Rewrite x^{2}-20x-21 as \left(x^{2}-21x\right)+\left(x-21\right).

$$\left(x^{2}-21x\right)+\left(x-21\right)$$

Factor out x in x^{2}-21x.

$$x\left(x-21\right)+x-21$$

Factor out common term x-21 by using distributive property.

$$\left(x-21\right)\left(x+1\right)$$

Steps Using the Quadratic Formula

Quadratic polynomial can be factored using the transformation ax^{2}+bx+c=a\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(x-x_{2}\right), where x_{1} and x_{2} are the solutions of the quadratic equation ax^{2}+bx+c=0.

$$x^{2}-20x-21=0$$

All equations of the form ax^{2}+bx+c=0 can be solved using the quadratic formula: \frac{-b±\sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}. The quadratic formula gives two solutions, one when ± is addition and one when it is subtraction.

$$x=\frac{-\left(-20\right)±\sqrt{\left(-20\right)^{2}-4\left(-21\right)}}{2}$$

Square -20.

$$x=\frac{-\left(-20\right)±\sqrt{400-4\left(-21\right)}}{2}$$

Multiply -4 times -21.

$$x=\frac{-\left(-20\right)±\sqrt{400+84}}{2}$$

Add 400 to 84.

$$x=\frac{-\left(-20\right)±\sqrt{484}}{2}$$

Take the square root of 484.

$$x=\frac{-\left(-20\right)±22}{2}$$

The opposite of -20 is 20.

$$x=\frac{20±22}{2}$$

Now solve the equation x=\frac{20±22}{2} when ± is plus. Add 20 to 22.

$$x=\frac{42}{2}$$

Divide 42 by 2.

$$x=21$$

Now solve the equation x=\frac{20±22}{2} when ± is minus. Subtract 22 from 20.

$$x=-\frac{2}{2}$$

Divide -2 by 2.

$$x=-1$$

Factor the original expression using ax^{2}+bx+c=a\left(x-x_{1}\right)\left(x-x_{2}\right). Substitute 21 for x_{1} and -1 for x_{2}.

$$x^{2}-20x-21=\left(x-21\right)\left(x-\left(-1\right)\right)$$

Simplify all the expressions of the form p-\left(-q\right) to p+q.

$$x^{2}-20x-21=\left(x-21\right)\left(x+1\right)$$

Steps Using Direct Factoring Method

Quadratic equations such as this one can be solved by a new direct factoring method that does not require guess work. To use the direct factoring method, the equation must be in the form x^2+Bx+C=0.

$$x ^ 2 -20x -21 = 0$$

Let r and s be the factors for the quadratic equation such that x^2+Bx+C=(x−r)(x−s) where sum of factors (r+s)=−B and the product of factors rs = C

$$r + s = 20 rs = -21$$

Two numbers r and s sum up to 20 exactly when the average of the two numbers is \frac{1}{2}*20 = 10. You can also see that the midpoint of r and s corresponds to the axis of symmetry of the parabola represented by the quadratic equation y=x^2+Bx+C. The values of r and s are equidistant from the center by an unknown quantity u. Express r and s with respect to variable u. <div style='padding: 8px'><img src='https://opalmath.azureedge.net/customsolver/quadraticgraph.png' style='width: 100%;max-width: 700px' /></div>

$$r = 10 - u s = 10 + u$$

To solve for unknown quantity u, substitute these in the product equation rs = -21

$$(10 - u) (10 + u) = -21$$

Simplify by expanding (a -b) (a + b) = a^2 – b^2

$$100 - u^2 = -21$$

Simplify the expression by subtracting 100 on both sides

$$-u^2 = -21-100 = -121$$

Simplify the expression by multiplying -1 on both sides and take the square root to obtain the value of unknown variable u

$$u^2 = 121 u = \pm\sqrt{121} = \pm 11$$

The factors r and s are the solutions to the quadratic equation. Substitute the value of u to compute the r and s.

$$r =10 - 11 = -1 s = 10 + 11 = 21$$

Evaluate

$$\left(x-21\right)\left(x+1\right)$$