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\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}\phantom{1}\\12\overline{)512}\\\end{array}
Use the 1^{st} digit 5 from dividend 512
\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}0\phantom{2}\\12\overline{)512}\\\end{array}
Since 5 is less than 12, use the next digit 1 from dividend 512 and add 0 to the quotient
\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}0\phantom{3}\\12\overline{)512}\\\end{array}
Use the 2^{nd} digit 1 from dividend 512
\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}04\phantom{4}\\12\overline{)512}\\\phantom{12)}\underline{\phantom{}48\phantom{9}}\\\phantom{12)9}3\\\end{array}
Find closest multiple of 12 to 51. We see that 4 \times 12 = 48 is the nearest. Now subtract 48 from 51 to get reminder 3. Add 4 to quotient.
\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}04\phantom{5}\\12\overline{)512}\\\phantom{12)}\underline{\phantom{}48\phantom{9}}\\\phantom{12)9}32\\\end{array}
Use the 3^{rd} digit 2 from dividend 512
\begin{array}{l}\phantom{12)}042\phantom{6}\\12\overline{)512}\\\phantom{12)}\underline{\phantom{}48\phantom{9}}\\\phantom{12)9}32\\\phantom{12)}\underline{\phantom{9}24\phantom{}}\\\phantom{12)99}8\\\end{array}
Find closest multiple of 12 to 32. We see that 2 \times 12 = 24 is the nearest. Now subtract 24 from 32 to get reminder 8. Add 2 to quotient.
\text{Quotient: }42 \text{Reminder: }8
Since 8 is less than 12, stop the division. The reminder is 8. The topmost line 042 is the quotient. Remove all zeros at the start of the quotient to get the actual quotient 42.